ប្រការគួរយល់ដឹងអំពីការមុតម្ជុល

ឆ្លេីយតបនិងសំនួរជាច្រេីនរបស់និសិត្សពេទ្យ បន្ទាប់ពីមុតដៃនិងម្ជុល តេីគួរធ្វេីយ៉ាងណា (depend on medical students questions and want to know about proper way to manage them self after needle injuries)***

គ្រប់និសិត្ស រឺ គ្រូពេទ្យទាំងអស់គួរយល់ដឹង អំពីការមុតម្ជុលដេាយចៃដន្យពេលកំពុងបំពេញការងារនៅមន្ទីពេទ្យ (Warning to all medical students and doctors who accidentally injured needle injection and Post Exposure Prophylaxis-PEP)

-កុំស្លន់ស្លេា ហេីយកុំច្របាច់កន្លែងមុត
-លាងជាមួយនិងសាប៊ូ និង ទឹកដែលហូរភ្លាមៗ
-យល់ដឹងពីម្ជុលដែលមុត ឧ: ម្ជុលដែលប្រហេាងមានអាត្រាឆ្លងខ្ពស់ជាងម្ជុលដែលអត់ប្រហេាងខាងក្នុង
-យល់ដឹងពីរយះពេល បេីមុតភ្លាមៗអត្រាឆ្លងខ្ពស់ ជាងម្ជុលទុកចេាលយូ (ពីព្រេាះ មេរេាគអេដស៌អាចងាប់ក្នុងរយះពេលខ្លី ពេលចេញមកក្រៅ)
-ពេលមុតភ្លាមៗត្រូវដឹង ពីសមិត្មុកម្ម របស់អ្នកមុត(ពេទ្យ) និង អ្នកជំងឺ (រលាកថ្លេីម បេ សេ និងអេដស៌ ជាដេីម) ឧទាហរណ៏ អ្នកដែលត្រូវមុត(ពេទ្យ)តែមានអង់ទីគ័ររលាកថ្លេីមបេហេីយដូចនេះគ្មានការព្រួយបារម្មឡេីយពីការឆ្លងមេរេាគរលាកថ្លេីមបេឡេីយ)
-ពិគ្រេាះព្រឹក្សា ជាមួយគ្រូពេទ្យ ផ្នែកជំងឺកាមរេាគ រឺ ជំងឺឆ្លង ដេីម្បីលេបថ្នាំទប់សា្កត់រាលដាលភ្មាមៗក្រេាម72ម៉េាងដែលមានប្រសិទ្ធភាពខ្ពស់ បេីពន្យាយូ ការឆ្លងមេរេាគក៏កាន់តែខ្ពស់ (សូមពិនិត្យមេីលគេាលការណ៌និង ថ្នាំនៅខាងក្រេាមក្នុងរូបភាព)
-ឆែកសុខភាពខ្លួនឯងអេាយបានញឹកញាប់ អាចរៀងរាល់៣-៦ខែម្តង លេីជំងឺ អេដស៌ និងរលាកថ្លេីម បេ សេ (អស្រ័យលេីអាត្រាប្រឈមខ្ពស់រឺទាប)
-ចាក់វ៉ាក់សាំងការពារ ជាពិសេស រលាកថ្លេីមបេ
***ហាមយកម្ជុលដែកចាក់រួចហេីយ ទៅស៊កនឹងគំរបដែលដៃម្ខាងទៀតកាន់
***បន្ទាប់ពីចាក់ថ្នាំហេីយ ត្រូវយកម្ជុលទុកក្នុងធុងសុវត្ថិភាព
***ត្រូវធ្វេីការអេាយម៉្មត់ចត់និងប្រុងប្រយ័ត្នជានិច្ច
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-Don't panic and don't squeezing the injured site
-Washing with soap and raining water immediately
-Understanding about the types of injection example: Needle which has the hold is high chance to transmit the disease
-Understanding about the duration, prolong time of needle injured is less chance to transmit
-Understanding between the background blood test of the donor/victim and patients example: patients have HIV, HBV, HCV, and the Victims has antibody of HBV so no need to worry about infection of Hepatitis B virus.
-Consultant with Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) or Infectious disease Doctors within 72hours for Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and high chance infection is delay PEP (Guideline is in the pictures below)
-Health Check Up every3-6 months for HIV, HBV, HCV test (depend on high risk or low risk)
-Vaccination especially for Hepatitis B virus Vaccine
***Avoidance putting the needle with others hand carry the cover
***Put the syringe and needle into the safety box
***Be careful with all procedures and works all the time

សូមអភ័យទេាសផង លេីភាសារបច្ចេកទេស រឺ មានប្រការខុសឆ្គងណាមួយ (Sorry for all mistakes)

Reference: WHO PEP 2014 and March 2014 Supplement to WHO guideline
http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/prophylaxis/en/

Thanks for like and share to your friends :)

Good luck to all my students, friends and medical students/doctors for our Cambodian People (We need to help the patients but at least protect yourself-យេីងត្រូវជួយអ្នកជំងឺហេីយក៏ត្រូវការពារខ្លួនឯងផងដែរ)

Cancer Treatment Types

Chemotherapy (Chemo)

This strong medication keeps cancer from spreading, makes it grow slower, or even kills cancer cells. It can cause side effects because it kills cells in your body that grow quickly, including those in your blood, mouth, digestive system, and hair follicles. There are over 100 types of chemo drugs. Your doctor will choose the one that’s best for your type of cancer. You may take it as a pill or capsule, rub it into your skin as a cream, or get it as an injection or IV at home or in the hospital.

External Beam Radiation

This treatment attacks cancer cells with high-energy particles (proton or particle therapy) or waves (X-rays). It kills or damages cells in one specific area instead of throughout your whole body. The most common type comes from a machine outside your body. It’s called external-beam radiation.

Internal Radiation

You’ll probably hear your doctor call it brachytherapy. They’ll put radioactive implants about the size of a grain of rice inside your body where the tumor is. The radiation kills the cancer cells. This treatment makes you radioactive for a while, so you may have to avoid other people until it’s finished.

Open Surgery

Treating cancer with surgery works best if you have a solid tumor in one area. It often can’t treat cancer that has spread or cancer that’s in your blood, like leukemia. The surgeon makes a cut in your skin with a scalpel or other sharp tool and removes as much of the tumor as possible. They may also take out lymph nodes and other tissues for testing. This is called open surgery.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

The goal for this procedure is the same as open surgery: to remove tumors, and also tissues and lymph nodes if needed. Instead of one large cut, the surgeon makes several small ones. They put a tube with a tiny camera into one cut to see inside your body, and tools into the others. This is called laparoscopic surgery. It usually has a shorter recovery time than open surgery.

Other Surgeries

Cryosurgery uses very cold nitrogen or argon gas to freeze off abnormal tissue. It can treat some early skin cancers, retinoblastoma, and precancerous spots on your skin or cervix.

Photodynamic therapy is a laparoscopic surgery that puts drugs near tumors. Light activates the medicine, and it kills cancer cells.\

Laser surgery uses strong beams of light to cut into your skin. It’s good for very tiny areas. Lasers can also sometimes shrink tumors.

Stem Cell Transplant

These are cells in your blood and bone marrow that haven’t matured into their final form. The doctor uses them to replace cells in your bone marrow that other treatments kill. That means you can get higher doses of those therapies. Sometimes, stem cells can find and kill cancer cells. You get stem cell transplants through a catheter, much like a blood transfusion.

Precision Medicine

This new field, also called personalized medicine, uses your genetic makeup and other things to find out the best treatment for your cancer. In the “one-size-fits-all” model, your doctor chooses the option that works best on most cancers like yours. Precision medicine helps take some of the guesswork out of the selection process. It isn’t used widely yet for all forms of the disease. Many people who get it are part of clinical trials.

Targeted Therapies

These are usually paired with other treatments. They’re strong medicine, like chemotherapy, but instead of killing all fast-growing cells, they home in on the parts of cancer cells that make them different from other cells. Targeted drugs do things like stop blood vessels from growing around cancer cells or turn off signals that tell cancer cells to grow. They can also tell your immune system to destroy them or change their proteins so they die.

Hormone Therapy

Also called endocrine therapy, it targets cancers that use hormones to grow. There are two kinds: those that stop you from making hormones, and those that keep hormones from working the way they should. You can either take them as pills or get them through a shot. Sometimes you may do surgery to remove an organ that makes hormones, like ovaries or testicles. Doctors use hormone therapy with other methods to shrink tumors before surgery or treatment, or to kill cancer cells that have spread to other parts of your body. It can also lower the chances that your cancer will return.

Gene Therapy

This treatment uses a special carrier, usually a virus, to put RNA or DNA into your living cells. Your doctor will either remove some of your cells and put the genetic materials into them in a lab or give you the carrier directly. The changed cells then either kill cancer cells, slow their growth, or help healthy cells fight cancer better. Doctors don’t use this method widely yet, but several types of gene therapies are available for certain diseases.

Immunotherapy

This type of biological therapy, or biotherapy, uses your immune system to fight the cancer. It either boosts your immune system or marks cancer cells so your immune system can find and destroy them more easily. You get it by mouth as a pill, into a vein as an IV, by rubbing a cream into your skin, or through a catheter directly into your bladder.

Types of Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that take the brakes off your immune system to help it find and attack cancer cells.

Cancer vaccines start an immune response against cancer cells so your body can better attack them. They can also prevent certain cancers.

Monoclonal antibodies are drugs made in a lab to work like your natural antibodies. They mark cancer cells as the ones your immune system should attack. They can also help chemotherapy and radiation go directly to cancer cells.

Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT)

This is another type of immunotherapy, but it also involves gene therapy. Doctors take immune cells from your blood and add genes to change them so they can better spot and kill cancer cells. Then they grow lots of these cells in a lab and put them back into your body. So far, the only kind of ACT approved by the FDA is called CAR T-cell therapy.

‘Good’ Habits to Give Up for Type 2 Diabetes

You know managing type 2 diabetes isn't just about taking medicine. So you've been trying to make better food and lifestyle choices. But figuring out what's healthy and what isn't can be confusing.

Take these habits. They may seem like they're good for you, but they could actually be sabotaging your efforts.

1. Buying 'sugar-free' foods

The supermarket is full of things that appear to be diabetes-friendly because they don't have added sugar. But many have sugar substitutes that contain carbs. That means they could send your blood sugar levels soaring.

Before you put something in your cart, check the nutrition facts to see how many grams of carbs are in each serving and how much sugar is added. Knowing how many total carbs per serving are in foods helps you manage your blood sugar levels.

2. Swapping meals for meal replacement bars

Losing weight can help, and meal replacement bars may seem like an easy way to slim down.

Many meal replacement products are aimed at athletes. So they can be high in calories. Others contain ingredients like sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol, for example), which can cause stomach trouble.

Occasionally, munching on a bar for breakfast when you're pressed for time is OK as long as you pay attention to the nutrition info. But it's smarter to stick with real meals or calorie-restricted bars that are complete meals and nutritionally balanced .

3. Loading up on vitamins and supplements

A diet with lots of fruits and vegetables should give you all the nutrients you need. A multivitamin may help fill in the gaps, but it still can't match the real thing -- food.

Some people take supplements like cinnamon or chromium to try to keep their blood sugar levels stable. It's unclear whether these work. If you choose to try them -- or any supplement -- tell your doctor. He can make sure it's safe for you and won't interact with any medication you're taking.

4. Drinking juice

Natural doesn't always equal healthy. One cup of apple juice, for example, has 25 grams of sugar and just 0.5 grams of fiber.

An apple, on the other hand, has less sugar (19 grams) and more fiber (4.5 grams). It will satisfy you longer and help stabilize your blood sugar. What's more, a study found that drinking juice every day can make it more likely to get diabetes. But regularly eating whole fruit can make it less likely.

5. Downing diet soda

It may be calorie-free, carbohydrate-free, and sugar-free, but you can still overdo it. One study found that overweight people who rely on diet soda end up taking in more calories from food. Why? Diet-drink lovers may think they're "saving" calories on drinks and can afford to splurge on food. Artificial sweeteners also confuse your body because they taste sweet but don't provide calories.

Good behavior, you will be free from diabetes.